����������

What Are Learning Objectives?

Learning objectives define what students should be able to do, know, or demonstrate after completing your course. They’re clear, measurable, and central to designing meaningful teaching and assessment strategies.

Why Write Clear Objectives?

For Students:

• Clarify Expectations: Provide students with a clear understanding of what they are expected to achieve.
• Guide Learning Efforts: Help students prioritize study strategies and focus on specific goals.
• Enhance Motivation: Show relevance to real-world applications, improving engagement and persistence.

For Instructors:

• Align Course Content: Ensure lectures, activities, and assignments support targeted outcomes.
• Streamline Assessments: Make it easier to evaluate whether students meet expectations.
• Improve Transparency: Communicate goals to stakeholders, including students, colleagues, and accrediting bodies.

Tips for Crafting Effective Objectives

1. Be Measurable: Use specific action verbs (e.g., “describe,” “evaluate,” and “create”) rather than vague terms like “understand” or “learn.”
2. Focus on Outcomes: Emphasize what students should demonstrate or produce by the end of the course.
3. Align with Assessments: Match learning objectives with how you evaluate student success.
4. Use Bloom’s Taxonomy: Categorize objectives based on cognitive skills, from basic recall to advanced analysis and creation.

Using Bloom’s Taxonomy for Objectives

Bloom’s Taxonomy organizes learning objectives into cognitive levels to scaffold learning effectively:

• Create: Produce new or original work (e.g., “Design a marketing plan for a startup business.”)
• Evaluate: Justify decisions and opinions (e.g., “Critique the ethical implications of gene editing.”)
• Analyze: Break down information to explore relationships (e.g., “Analyze demographic trends in voting patterns.”)
• Apply: Use information in new situations (e.g., “Apply Newton’s laws to design a simple machine.”)
• Understand: Explain ideas or concepts (e.g., “Summarize the causes of World War I.”)
• Remember: Recall facts and concepts (e.g., “List the stages of mitosis.”)

Examples of Measurable Objectives

• Vague: Students will understand cell division.
• Clear: Students will diagram the stages of mitosis and explain their significance.
   
• Vague: Students will know the laws of motion.
• Clear: Students will apply Newton’s three laws of motion to solve real-world physics problems.
   
• Vague: Students will learn about perspective in drawing.
• Clear: Students will sketch a landscape using one-point and two-point perspective techniques.
   
• Vague: Students will know financial concepts.
• Clear: Students will calculate the net present value (NPV) of an investment and assess its feasibility.
   
• Vague: Students will learn about voting behavior.
• Clear: Students will analyze demographic data to predict voting trends in the United States.

CTL Resources:

   Student Learning Outcomes Assessment (CTL webpage) 

   Assessing Student Learning (CTL webpage) 

Further Reading & Resources:

   , Carnegie Mellon University Eberly Center

   , Iowa State University Center for Excellence in Learning and Teaching

   , CU Denver Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning