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Researchers granted $1.6 million to study microbes' influence on alpine tundra (Niwot Ridge LTER)

Gabe Allen — Tue, 28 Oct 2025 16:56:23 +0000

Researchers granted $1.6 million to study microbes' influence on alpine tundra (Niwot Ridge LTER) Gabe Allen Tue, 10/28/2025 - 10:56

A team, led by INSTAAR scientist Will Wieder, received an NSF grant to study the role of microbes in shrub encroachment in the alpine tundra. The project will be based at Niwot Ridge.

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Which tree species are best at cooling down the city?

Gabe Allen — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 17:28:53 +0000

Which tree species are best at cooling down the city? Gabe Allen Tue, 08/12/2025 - 11:28

Gabe Allen

Summers in Boulder are hot and getting hotter. But the large trees that occupy the city’s parks, yards and green spaces can provide a welcome patch of shade for pedestrians, critters and understory plants.

One INSTAAR researcher is hyper-focused on this phenomenon. PhD student Advyth Ramachandran is investigating the cooling power of various species of urban trees. Each week, his field crew downloads data from carefully-placed temperature sensors and gathers samples of leaves and wood. The goal is to create guidance for urban planners and foresters looking to cool down cities with natural solutions.

Today, Ramachandran will present his methodology and preliminary findings at the Ecological Society of America’s Annual Meeting in Baltimore. He is one of several �� researchers who will attend, speak and present at the conference.

Earlier this week, INSTAAR sat down with Ramachandran to learn more about his project and how it came to be.

What is the origin story of your interest in urban trees?

Advyth Ramachandran clips a twig of an American linden tree in Boulder in August, 2025. Back at the lab, Ramachandran and his team will use the sample to assess wood density and leaf area for the tree. (Photo courtesy of Advyth Ramachandran)

I didn't have a very outdoorsy childhood, but my family would walk around a lot in urban parks, so I was always really interested in vegetation and biodiversity in urban areas. Then, when I was in college, three of my friends, who are computer engineers, recruited me as the science team member for a hackathon project using remote sensors to better manage urban forests. We were interested in soil moisture and how it impacts urban tree survival. Through that project, I got fascinated with urban forests, and I decided that it would be cool to study urban ecosystems more in graduate school.

When I started my PhD in Katharine Suding’s lab, I pitched the urban tree traits project to Katie and she gave me the green light. The idea is to study urban trees using some of the same methods that we use in natural ecosystems and also to think about urban vegetation dynamics through the frameworks we use in restoration ecology. One of my committee members, Laura Dee, connected me with the City of Boulder Climate Initiatives team, which led to a collaboration with them that is ongoing.

This is such a unique research question. How did it come about?

We know trees are good. We know they're good for a lot of reasons, but importantly they reduce urban temperatures. At this point, the evidence of that is overwhelming.

But, a lot of the evidence that we have for the role of trees in reducing temperatures actually comes from satellites, which are sensing land surface temperature — not actually sensors on the ground that are measuring the air temperature that people experience. The year before I came to CU, students in Laura Dee’s lab put out temperature sensors around Boulder and found that vegetation does actually cool down air temperatures in Boulder.

My research question ultimately arose from this finding, the existing literature and my interest in plant functional traits — basically characteristics that influence how plants interact with the environment. We converged on this idea of how tree traits might predict which species are the best at cooling.

Today in Boulder, we really don't know which tree species are the best to plant for cooling. When foresters decide which trees to plant they base that on a lot of things, such as disease resistance, drought tolerance, and fire risk. We’re trying to add an understanding of which species might work best for reducing temperatures to that selection process.

This is really an example of one of the main thrusts of my dissertation research, which broadly focuses on how plant functional traits can be used to design nature-based solutions. We wrote a paper about this last year, and one of the things that we learned is that this area is really understudied.

So, I did a pilot study in 2024 and then this year was the real deal. We got useful data last year, but we didn't have enough to really see clear differences among species. This year, I was finally able to see some clear differences arise after refining the methodology and expanding the size of the study.

What insights have you gleaned so far?

CU undergraduate researchers Jen Dugdale (left) and Rhiannon Danborn select and preserve leaf and wood samples In Boulder in August 2025. (Photo courtesy of Advyth Ramachandran)

The first insights came from last year's pilot study. We found was that the tree canopy has a significant effect on temperature, as you might expect. It can actually cool the air by around four degrees Fahrenheit. We also found that soil moisture and grass cover are really important determinants of temperature. One major takeaway was that temperature varies on really fine spatial scales. You could have sensors that are a stone’s throw away from each other and see a difference in average summer afternoon temperatures of five degrees Fahrenheit.

Coming into 2025, we decided to start zeroing in on the impacts of individual tree species by controlling for all of these factors that we identified last year. We only put sensors under isolated trees located in urban parks that are irrigated and green. Once we incorporated all these factors into our statistical model, we started to see differences between species. In the end, we were able to identify a gradient of tree species based on their cooling effects.

Can you get specific about which trees are the best at cooling?

I'm not ready to provide planting recommendations just yet, because we still need to refine our analyses and go through peer review. One thing we did find, though, is that dense foliage seems to be a useful trait for cooling. Interestingly, there are some trees, like blue spruce for example, that grow dense foliage and seem to be relatively drought-tolerant. More research is needed, but this is a promising indication that we might be able to find tree species that are both tolerant of a dry climate and good at cooling cities.

This week, INSTAAR PhD student Advyth Ramachandran is presenting preliminary findings at a conference in Baltimore. His work seeks to understand the cooling effects of various urban tree species in Boulder.

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CU undergraduate researchers Gavin Schoew (left) and Arin Oberley measure ground cover near a temperature sensor in Boulder in August, 2025. This data is used to disentangle the impact of trees from the effect of ground cover on urban temperatures. (Photo courtesy of Advyth Ramachandran)

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CU undergraduate researchers Gavin Schoew (left) and Arin Oberley measure ground cover near a temperature sensor in Boulder in August, 2025. (Photo courtesy of Advyth Ramachandran)

476 acres of possibility near Boulder for science, sustainability and the arts (Boulder Reporting Lab)

Gabe Allen — Tue, 12 Aug 2025 17:00:13 +0000

476 acres of possibility near Boulder for science, sustainability and the arts (Boulder Reporting Lab) Gabe Allen Tue, 08/12/2025 - 11:00

Katherine Suding explores the future of the Spruce Gulch Wildlife and Research Reserve in an op-ed for the Boulder reporting lab. The new reserve will host research, outreach and education programs.

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Spotlight: Hunter Geist-Sanchez is pioneering restoration methods for Colorado grasslands and reconnecting with his ranching roots

Gabe Allen — Mon, 21 Jul 2025 20:58:52 +0000

Spotlight: Hunter Geist-Sanchez is pioneering restoration methods for Colorado grasslands and reconnecting with his ranching roots Gabe Allen Mon, 07/21/2025 - 14:58

Gabe Allen

Hunter Geist-Sanchez's summer field crew hikes to a field site near the National Renewable Energy Lab's Flatirons Campus. Left to right: Ava Boettiger, Zade Baldwin, Hunter Geist-Sanchez, Rose Young. (Gabe Allen)

All summer long, INSTAAR masters student Hunter-Geist Sanchez wakes up at dawn to meet a rotating cast of labmates and undergraduate research assistants at a grassy mesa bordering the National Renewable Energy Lab’s Flatirons Campus. The team spends long hours setting up experimental plots, measuring soil moisture and erosion, simulating grazing cattle with a weed whacker and, most of all, mapping plant species.

All the work is in service of the Suding Lab’s grassland diversity and grassland resilience projects. The overarching goal is to cultivate knowledge and management strategies that will help conserve Western grasslands as the climate becomes hotter and drier. This summer, funding from INSTAAR's Summer Scholars Program allowed Geist-Sanchez to expand his undergraduate research team to three members.

Hunter Geist-Sanchez shows undergraduate field technicians a map of a field site near the National Renewable Energy Lab's Flatirons Campus. (Gabe Allen)

Geist-Sanchez is relatively new to this work, but his passion for it is apparent.

"No one cares about grass, but I think grass is pretty great,” he explained during a recent day of field work. “It’s hard to really appreciate the beauty until you spend a lot of time in a certain place. Then you get it.”

Perhaps a piece of Geist-Sanchez’s love for grasslands is hereditary. His family has deep roots in the San Luis Valley, where his grandparents grew up working on local farms and ranches. His great uncle and cousins still own and operate a ranch in the area.

Though Geist-Sanchez has lived his whole life in front range cities, his extended family keeps him connected to Southern Colorado rangelands. Recently, his masters project has been a frequent topic of conversation with still-ranching family members.

“Hopefully this research helps them with restoration on the property,” Geist-Sanchez said. “My great uncle asks me about it all the time.”

For many, 10 or 12-hour stints of data collection in the blazing sun would seem a hefty price to pay for good science. But, Geist-Sanchez seems unfazed by long days in the field. For him, they are a chance to put distractions aside and revel in the details of an ecosystem. It’s a habit that he formed long before he entered academia.

A love of nature

Geist-Sanchez grew up splitting time between parents in Aurora and Fort Collins, with more family spread around Front Range cities. Growing up, his siblings and cousins were mostly captivated by sports and video games — things that Geist-Sanchez also had a passing interest in. But, his true passion was always nature.

“In all my free time, I would go to the library and read Nat Geo books and stuff like that,” he said. “I was really fascinated with wildlife growing up, and no one else was really like that. I knew from pretty early on that I was different.”

Geist Sanchez’s early education in the natural sciences didn’t all come from books. As a kid, he looked forward to family camping trips to Great Sand Dunes National Park, along the Poudre River and to other natural areas across the West. Most of all, he looked forward to spending time with his grandmother on a plot of family land in the San Luis Valley.

“My mom would drop me and my cousins off down there for weeks at a time,” he said. “Those are really fond memories.”

The property was stunning and rugged. To take a bath, Geist-Sanchez remembers filling up buckets from the well and boiling the water on the stove. Days were spent going on hikes and helping his grandmother tend the garden.

For Geist-Sanchez, it was idyllic.

“I just always loved being outdoors,” he said.

After high school, Geist-Sanchez went on to earn a degree in ecosystem science and sustainability from Colorado State University. As an undergrad, he took an unusually active role in several restoration ecology projects. Specifically, he worked with research groups testing new methods for restoring out-of-use agricultural fields and cheatgrass-invaded grasslands.

“After that, I knew I wanted to do more restoration. It’s really difficult work and I was fascinated by how we might be able to improve outcomes,” he said.

After college, one of Geist-Sanchez’s mentors connected him with Katharine Suding, who was looking for a grassland research assistant. After a year in that role, Suding asked Geist-Sanchez to join the lab as a graduate student and take the lead on the lab’s grassland resilience project. Geist-Sanchez jumped at the opportunity — it was a perfect way to sink deeper into his passion for restoring Colorado’s natural systems.

Restoring bare patches

Hunter Geist-Sanchez plants surveyor flags at the Hogan Ranch Property in Boulder. (Gabe Allen)

Restoration ecologists are looking for new methods to combat desertification as the West becomes hotter and drier. In his masters work, Geist-Sanchez has zeroed in on bare-ground expansion — when arid spots lacking vegetation grow over time.

The first step is to figure out how problematic bare patches form and what leads to their growth. To investigate this question, Geist Sanchez is looking at thermal imagery of the landscape, measuring soil characteristics and cataloging the species that grow in and around the sites.

“One of the questions I’m interested in is, ‘What are the mechanisms behind this bare ground spread,” Geist-Sanchez said.

Next comes the question of restoration: how can land managers bring plants back to these sites? To address this, Geist-Sanchez is planting a mix of forb and grass seeds. Importantly, he has balanced the seed mixes to represent plants with specific survival strategies. Plants that arise early in the season may be able to take advantage of spring moisture, and then offer shade later in the summer. Plants with large seeds might be able to survive periods of drought or heat by relying on energy stores.

These hypotheses are based on previous research, but only time will tell their efficacy.

“I guess we’ll have a better idea by the end of the season,” Geist-Sanchez said.

For now, bare patches generally stay small in Boulder grasslands. But, if desertification becomes more extreme in the future, research like Geist-Sanchez’s will become even more important for both natural areas and rangelands.

“We don’t have extreme desertification here yet, which is great,” Geist Sanchez said. “If we ever start to see something like the dust bowl, which stemmed from extreme agriculture and land-use changes, I hope land managers will be able to apply this research. I want to be able to hand this off and expand on it.”

If you have questions about this story, or would like to reach out to INSTAAR for further comment, you can contact Senior Communications Specialist Gabe Allen at gabriel.allen@colorado.edu.

Geist-Sanchez is following his life-long love of nature to develop new methods for preserving Colorado natural areas and rangelands. As a sixth-generation Coloradoan, he hopes his research can help keep grasslands sustainable as the West heats up.

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Rainy spring may be bad news for fire season. Here’s what you can do about it (�� Today)

Gabe Allen — Tue, 17 Jun 2025 19:13:19 +0000

Rainy spring may be bad news for fire season. Here’s what you can do about it (�� Today) Gabe Allen Tue, 06/17/2025 - 13:13

Grassland fires are becoming more frequent and more dangerous across the country. Ecologist Katharine Suding has spent her career understanding the ecosystems that produce them. She shares insights in a Q&A.

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Get to know INSTAAR’s 2025 summer scholars

Gabe Allen — Thu, 29 May 2025 20:04:37 +0000

Get to know INSTAAR’s 2025 summer scholars Gabe Allen Thu, 05/29/2025 - 14:04

Gabe Allen

INSTAAR 2025 summer scholars Harry Allbrook (left) and Hunter Geist-Sanchez. Photos courtesy of Harry Allbrook and Hunter Geist-Sanchez.

Each year, INSTAAR selects two graduate students for the INSTAAR summer scholarship, which provides funding for ongoing research over the summer months. These scholars are engaged in multi-year research efforts in the Earth sciences, and the scholarship amplifies their ability to produce high-impact, rigorous work.

In 2025, PhD student Harry Allbrook and MS student Hunter Geist-Sanchez were awarded the scholarship. Allbrook studies marine microbial communities in Julio Sepúlveda’s lab. Geist-Sanchez is a restoration ecologist studying plant communities from a rangeland management perspective under Katharine Suding.

This week, INSTAAR sat down with Allbrook and Geist-Sanchez to discuss their summer plans.

What are you working on this summer?

Harry Allbrook: I’m analyzing data from semi-controlled mesocosm experiments, where we simulate marine environments within an enclosed space. In particular, I’m exposing marine microbial communities to environmental stressors by manipulating oxygen, PH and nutrient levels, and seeing how they respond.

This summer, I will transform raw measurements (from liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analyses) into lists of molecular identities using open-source analytical methods. This will allow me to investigate the phenomenon of “lipid remodeling” in these mesocosms, whereby microbes adapt their cell membranes in response to environmental stress.

Microbial membranes serve as a source of nutrition for higher trophic organisms, like the fish essential to marine fisheries and indigenous communities. They also serve as fingerprints of ecosystem health, which are preserved in geologic sediments for thousands of years.

Hunter Geist-Sanchez: I’m managing two research projects. In the first, I’m hoping to identify plant species that can improve rangeland restoration efforts. Specifically, I’m testing whether certain species are more successful in bare ground interspaces within semi-arid and arid rangelands along the Front Range. If we can identify species with traits that promote establishment in these bare areas, we may be able to reverse ongoing degradation in these systems and instead promote vegetation recovery.

The second project is a long-term drought study, now in its eighth year, which stems from a partnership with the international Drought-Net network and Boulder Open Space & Mountain Parks. In this study, we are manipulating precipitation to simulate extreme drought and excess rainfall, respectively. We also incorporate seasonal livestock grazing. The goal is to better understand the interactions between drought, excess precipitation and grazing on plant life.

Rangelands make up about one-third of terrestrial ecosystems in the U.S. and provide vital services, such as food, clean water and outdoor recreation. Climate change is increasing temperature and precipitation variability, which makes understanding these dynamics critical to preserving the ecological, cultural, and economic value of these systems.

Suding lab members set up equipment at a research site for Drought-Net in South Boulder. From left: Hunter Geist-Sanchez, Sam Ahler, Sarah Elizabeth Stockman and Tom Merchant. Photo courtesy of Hunter Geist-Sanchez.

Harry Allbrook loads equipment aboard the German research vessel RV Sonne in the Port of Talcahuano in Chile. Photo courtesy of Harry Allbrook.

How will the summer scholarship support this work?

Harry Allbrook: The scholarship will enable me to complete a vital step in my thesis project. I’m also looking forward to developing educational outreach tools (“microcosm in a mason jar”) that enhance ocean literacy and share my team's work with middle-school students.

Hunter Geist Sanchez: With my summer funding covered by the scholarship, I’m able to use other grant funds to hire undergraduate research assistants and purchase essential equipment. This includes soil temperature and moisture sensors as well as soil nutrient testing tools to assess how drought conditions affect nutrients in the soil.

I’ve hired two current CU undergraduates and a 2025 CU graduate to assist with both projects. They will get hands-on experience in ecological research, preparing them for a career in rangeland health and management.

What do you like to do when you’re not doing research?

Harry Allbrook: When I'm not doing research, I love to rock climb, cook, collect vinyl records (particularly electronic music) and paint with watercolors!

Hunter Geist-Sanchez: Outside of research, I enjoy spending time with my family and friends, hiking and doing other outdoor activities, cooking, and traveling!

To support INSTAAR's summer scholarship for graduate students, you can make a donation to our general fund here.

If you have questions about this story, or would like to reach out to INSTAAR for further comment, you can contact Senior Communications Specialist Gabe Allen at gabriel.allen@colorado.edu.

A Q&A with PhD students Harry Allbrook and Hunter Geist-Sanchez, INSTAAR’s 2025 summer scholarship recipients. The scholarship will go toward the students’ continued research in marine biology and grassland restoration throughout the summer.

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An apple a day? It’s the Boulder way (Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 12 May 2025 22:04:54 +0000

An apple a day? It’s the Boulder way (Colorado Arts and Sciences Magazine) Gabe Allen Mon, 05/12/2025 - 16:04

The Boulder Apple Tree Project, led by INSTAAR fellow Katharine Suding, has broken ground on a new apple orchard on 30th Street in Boulder. The orchard will provide shade, fruit and a site for agroecology research. It is supported by a $90,000 sustainable CU grant.

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A brief history of Katharine Suding's groundbreaking career in restoration ecology (The Franklin Institute)

Gabe Allen — Mon, 05 May 2025 20:25:36 +0000

A brief history of Katharine Suding's groundbreaking career in restoration ecology (The Franklin Institute) Gabe Allen Mon, 05/05/2025 - 14:25

The Franklin Institute recently gave INSTAAR senior faculty fellow Katharine Suding the Bower Award for achievement in Science citing her transformative contributions to the field of restoration ecology. This mini-documentary tells her story.

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INSTAAR faculty among those awarded undergraduate research grants (UROP)

Gabe Allen — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 20:44:19 +0000

INSTAAR faculty among those awarded undergraduate research grants (UROP) Gabe Allen Wed, 04/30/2025 - 14:44

The Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program committed $77,000 in grants for CU undergraduates to work with INSTAAR faculty this summer and next school year. The awards will catalyze opportunities for students to contribute to critical research in earth and environmental science.

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Earth Day: 6 sustainability stories from INSTAAR in 2025

Gabe Allen — Tue, 22 Apr 2025 23:41:24 +0000

Earth Day: 6 sustainability stories from INSTAAR in 2025 Gabe Allen Tue, 04/22/2025 - 17:41

Gabe Allen

INSTAAR researchers investigate fundamental questions about ecosystems, climate systems and landscapes.

Today marks the 55th annual Earth Day, a global celebration of our planet, its natural systems and the idea of a sustainable future. In honor of the occasion, INSTAAR is sharing stories from the first four months of 2025 about INSTAAR’s environmental research.

As mountain glaciers melt, risk of catastrophic flash floods rises for millions (The Conversation US)

Last month, INSTAAR faculty research scientist Alton Byers and Wesleyan University professor of earth science Suzanne OConnell wrote a guest article in the Conversation US. The pair, a mountain geographer and earth scientist respectively, described how melting glaciers are amplifying the risk of catastrophic flooding in mountain communities around the world. Some governments and organizations, including the U.N., have focused efforts on research into mitigation tactics and early effective warning systems.

Franklin Institute selects Katharine Suding for the Bower Award for Achievement in Science

Next month, INSTAAR faculty fellow and professor of distinction in ecology and evolutionary biology Katharine Suding will officially receive the Bower Award for Achievement in Science from the Franklin Institute. The award honors prominent scientists and innovators who have changed the world for the better. Suding is a preeminent restoration ecologist who has left an indelible mark on the concepts of ecosystem resilience, restoration and biodiversity.

Desert reservoirs capture and store organic carbon, according to new research

Dams have long been a controversial topic among environmentalists. While they can sometimes harm aquatic ecosystems, they can also provide benefits, like increased water storage. Recently, a group of INSTAAR researchers uncovered another potential benefit of certain reservoirs. In a recent paper, they describe how one large reservoir in New Mexico captures and stores carbon beneath layers of sediment during droughts and flash floods.

Drone experiment reveals how Greenland ice sheet is changing (�� Today)

Kevin Rozmiarek is a drone enthusiast, but he’s not just a hobbyist. He’s using unmanned aircraft to do science. In a recent publication, Rozmiarek and his colleagues documented changes in Greenland’s ice sheet. Their study relied on samples of atmospheric water vapor collected by drones, an approach that could improve simulations of sea level rise.

International research collaboration uncovers key driver of Himalayan glacier melt

This winter, INSTAAR research scientist Karl Rittger lent his talents to an intercontinental team of scientists seeking to understand exactly how and why Himalayan glaciers are melting. Rittger’s unmatched methodology for analyzing dust-covered snow from satellite imagery led the team to key insights. They found that dust storms were picking up pollution from heavily populated areas and depositing it on the mountains.

New research demystifies carbon cycling in freshwater lakes around the world

Back in 2019, INSTAAR faculty fellow Isabella Oleksy, then a PhD student, put out a call to collaborators for data on phytoplankton activity in freshwater lakes. In the end, researchers from all over the world contributed to the dataset. Oleksy and collaborators then used the data to refine a mathematical model of primary productivity for freshwater lakes. The new model could help earth scientists better understand the carbon cycle, which could lead to better climate predictions.

INSTAAR researchers investigate fundamental questions about ecosystems, climate systems and landscapes. These six stories highlight the environmental research that the institute is doing in 2025.

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Suding

Researchers granted $1.6 million to study microbes' influence on alpine tundra (Niwot Ridge LTER)

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Which tree species are best at cooling down the city?

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What is the origin story of your interest in urban trees?

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What insights have you gleaned so far?

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As mountain glaciers melt, risk of catastrophic flash floods rises for millions (The Conversation US)

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